Introduction
Hey readers! Are you ready to conquer the AP Biology exam? A solid understanding of formulas is your secret weapon. This comprehensive AP Bio formula sheet will arm you with all the equations you need to excel in the test.
Section 1: Thermodynamics and Enzymes
Enthalpy Change Calculations
- ΔH = Hproducts – Hreactants
- Endothermic reactions have ΔH > 0 (heat is absorbed)
- Exothermic reactions have ΔH < 0 (heat is released)
Enzyme Kinetics
- Michaelis-Menten equation: V = Vmax [S]/(Km + [S])
- Km = substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity
- Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site and decrease Vmax
Section 2: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
- Overall equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
- ATP yield: 36-38 molecules per glucose molecule
- Electron transport chain: ΔG = -52 kcal/mol
Photosynthesis
- Overall equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Light-dependent reactions: H2O → 2H+ + ½O2 + 2e-
- Calvin cycle: CO2 + 2H+ + 2e- → ½C6H12O6
Section 3: Molecular Genetics and Evolution
DNA Structure and Replication
- Chargaff’s rules: A = T, G = C
- Semi-conservative replication: each new DNA strand contains one original strand
- Replication fork moves in a 5′ to 3′ direction
Evolution
- Natural selection: individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: allele and genotype frequencies remain constant in a population that is not evolving
Table: Key AP Bio Formulas
| Category | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Thermodynamics | ΔH = Hproducts – Hreactants | Enthalpy change |
| Enzyme Kinetics | V = Vmax [S]/(Km + [S]) | Michaelis-Menten equation |
| Cellular Respiration | ATP yield = 36-38 molecules per glucose molecule | ATP production |
| Photosynthesis | Light-dependent reactions: H2O → 2H+ + ½O2 + 2e- | Water splitting |
| Molecular Genetics | Chargaff’s rules: A = T, G = C | DNA base pairing |
| Evolution | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 | Allele and genotype frequencies |
Conclusion
Now, you’re equipped with the ultimate AP Bio formula sheet! Remember, practice makes perfect. Use this sheet to reinforce your understanding and sharpen your problem-solving skills. Check out our other articles for more AP Biology tips and tricks. Good luck on the exam!
FAQ about AP Bio Formula Sheet
1. What is the AP Bio formula sheet?
The AP Bio formula sheet is a resource provided by the College Board that contains a compilation of important formulas and equations tested on the AP Biology exam.
2. Where can I find the AP Bio formula sheet?
The formula sheet is available as a PDF on the College Board website: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-biology-course-and-exam-description.pdf
3. What formulas are included on the AP Bio formula sheet?
The formula sheet includes formulas related to:
- Biochemistry
- Cell biology
- Genetics
- Evolution
- Ecology
4. How can I use the AP Bio formula sheet during the exam?
You can use the formula sheet as a reference throughout the exam. It can help you recall formulas you may have forgotten or provide additional support for your answers.
5. Is the AP Bio formula sheet allowed on all sections of the exam?
Yes, the formula sheet is allowed on all sections of the exam, including the multiple-choice, free-response, and document-based question sections.
6. How much time should I spend on the AP Bio formula sheet?
The formula sheet is provided to assist you. Don’t spend excessive time memorizing all the formulas. Focus on understanding the concepts behind them.
7. Should I bring my own formula sheet?
No, it is not necessary to bring your own formula sheet. A blank formula sheet will be provided along with the exam materials.
8. Can I make notes on the AP Bio formula sheet?
Yes, you are allowed to make notes and write on the formula sheet provided by the examiners.
9. What if I lose my AP Bio formula sheet?
If you lose your formula sheet, you can ask for a replacement from the exam proctor.
10. Is the AP Bio formula sheet always accurate?
The formula sheet is generally accurate, but it’s always recommended to review the formulas in your textbook and class notes to ensure you understand them fully.
